Tracing the Source of Hydrothermal Fluid in Ophiolite-Related Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits: A Case Study from the Italian Northern Apennines

The Italian Northern Apennines contain several Fe-Cu-Zn-bearing, Cyprus-type volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, which significantly contribute to the Cu resources of Italy. lenses and related stockwork mineralizations are hosted by levels (from basalt serpentinite) unmetamorphosed ophiolitic series; therefore, this region offers perfect locations study ore-forming hydrothermal system in detail. A combination fluid inclusion microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, electron probe analyses (chlorite thermometry) stable noble gas isotope geochemistry was used determine source VMS at Bargone, Boccassuolo, Campegli, Casali–Monte Loreto, Corchia, Reppia Vigonzano. This question is focus modern research worldwide, as it has a direct influence on metal content deposit. obtained temperature compositional data both typical range systems basically suggest evolved seawater origin for mineralizing fluid. Modification most commonly due fluid–rock interaction processes, happened during long-lasting circulation crust. role small amount magmatic input traced only lower block may be responsible its higher ore grade. model evidenced O, H C isotopic well He, Ne Ar values.